Hindi summary of Here is Thy Footstool

 Here is thy footstool

And there rest thy feet

Where live the poorest,

And lowliest, and lost.

        When I try to bow to

        Thee, my obeisance

        Cannot reach down to the

        Depth where thy feet rest

        Among the poorest,

        And lowliest, and lost.

Pride can never

Approach to where

Thou walkest in the

Clothes of the humble.

Among the poorest,

And lowliest, and lost.

        My heart can never

        Find its way to where

        Thou keepest company

        With the companionless

        Among the poorest,

        And lowliest, and lost.

                                         -  Rabindranath Tagore

Hindi summary

कविता में टैगोर बात करते हैं कि कहां और कैसे वह भगवान को ढूंढ सकते हैं। वह कहते हैं कि भगवान उन लोगों के साथ रहते हैं जो यह सोचते हैं कि वह गरीब है, नीचे तबके के हैं और समाज में कहीं खो गए हैं। कवि कहते हैं कि अगर वह भगवान को ढूंढना चाहते हैं तो उसको ऐसे लोगों के पास जाना पड़ेगा पर उसका घमंड उसके रास्ते पर आ खड़ा होता है और इस कारण वे भगवान के पास जाने में असमर्थ हो जाता है। असलियत में यह बात यह है कि भगवान ऐसी अप्रिय जगह पाया जाता है और संपन्न लोग भगवान को ढूंढने का दर्द नहीं लेना चाहते हैं। वह अपने को गरीबों से ऊंचा मानते हैं और इसलिए वह भगवान को कभी नहीं ढूंढ पाते हैं क्योंकि उनके अंदर नम्रता की कमी है। वह कहते हैं भगवान उन लोगों के साथ है जो अकेले हैं और समाज में कहीं खो गए हैं और हम भगवान को कहीं और देखते रहते हैं।

I do not mind you, winter wind

 Winter is the coldest season of the year. It occurs after autumn and before spring each year. In the poem child is talking about it.

जाडॊ का मौसम साल का सबसे ठंडा मौसम होता है यह पतझड़ के मौसम के बाद और वसंत ऋतु के पहले हर साल आता है इस कविता में बच्चा इस सर्दी के मौसम से बात करता है।

I do not mind you, winter wind,

You come flying by,

To tickle me with snowflakes

Falling softly from the sky.

जाडॊ की सर्दी, मुझे आपसे कोई आपत्ति नहीं है। आप उड़ कर आते हैं। मुझे गिरती हुई बर्फ से गुदगुदाने के लिए आप आसमान से धीरे-धीरे गिरते हैं।

But when you trip me over

And I land on my behind,

Then I must tell you, winter wind,

I mind! I really mind!

पर जब आप मुझे गिराते हो और मैं अपने पीछे की तरफ गिरता हूं तो मुझे आपको बताना चाहिए, जाडॊ की सर्दी, कि मुझे आपत्ति है, मुझे वास्तव में आपत्ति होती है।

English Speaking -1 How to introduce yourself

 You may be a student. You may have to introduce yourself in your new class. You may be in an interview and you may have to introduce yourself before the interviewer. 

You may be in an auditorium and you may have to give your introduction in front of thousands of people.

Irrespective of where you are, the way you introduce yourself decides what perception people are going to have about you.

आप एक छात्र हो सकते हैं। आपको अपनी नई कक्षा में अपना परिचय देना पड़ सकता है। आप किसी इंटरव्यू में हो सकते हैं और वहां पर आपको अपना परिचय देना पड़ सकता है।

आप किसी बड़े ऑडिटोरियम में हो सकते हैं और वहां हजारों लोगों के सामने आपको अपना परिचय देना पड़ सकता है।आप कहीं पर भी हो आपका परिचय देने के तरीके से लोग तय करते हैं कि आप किस तरह के व्यक्ति हैं।

You may have heard that "well begun is half done". In the similar way introduction plays an important role. If you follow the following steps, you will make a good impression on others.

आपने सुना होगा की अच्छी शुरुआत आधा काम कर देती है उसी तरीके से अच्छा  इंट्रोडक्शन एक मुख्य भूमिका अदा करता है।  अगर आप नीचे दिए गए स्टेप्स को फॉलो करते हैं तो आप दूसरों पर एक अच्छा प्रभाव छोड़ सकते हैं।

1.  Greet

2.  Name

3.  Place

4.  Family

5.  Qualification

6.  Additional qualification / skill

7.  Experience

8.  Hobby

9.  End

1. Greet This is the first step. When you meet people you wish them by saying good morning, good afternoon, or good evening. These all are formal greeting. You often say hi, hello, hey, what's up. These are informal greetings. Remember you don't have to say hi/hello/hey/ what's up in the classroom or in the interview while giving your introduction because you will have to be formal.

यह पहला कदम है। जब आप लोगों से मिलते हो तुम उनसे आप नमस्कार करते हो या कहते हो good morning, good afternoon, or good evening. यह सभी औपचारिक नमस्कार का तरीका है। आप अक्सर कहते हैं hi/hello/hey/ what's up. यह अनौपचारिक तरीका है नमस्कार करने का। याद रखिए आपको hi/hello/hey/ what's up क्लास रूम में या इंटरव्यू में अपना परिचय देते समय नहीं कहना है क्योंकि यह अनौपचारिक तरीका है।

2.  Name  To tell their name people use four ways. 

      लोग अपना नाम बताने के लिए नीचे दिए 4 तरीके उपयोग में लाते हैं।

1.  This is _________________________

2.  I am __________________________

3.  Myself ________________________

4.  My name is ______________________

Suppose, your name is Rahul.

मान लीजिए आपका नाम राहुल है।

This is Rahul/ I am Rahul/ Myself Rahul/ my name is Rahul.

 Telling your name with myself is grammatically wrong because my self is a possessive pronoun and right after pronoun we cannot use noun. So by the rest of the three ways you can tell your name. But the best way to tell your name is "My name is Rahul".

3.  Place   After that comes the place where you live in. There are two ways to tell about your place.

इसके बाद स्थान आता है जहां आप रहते हैं। अपने स्थान के बारे में बताने के लिए दो तरीके हैं।

1.  I belong to _______'___________________.

2.  I am from ___________________________.

Suppose that you are living in Delhi then you will tell-

मान लीजिए आप दिल्ली में रहते हैं तो आप बोलेंगे-

  I belong to Delhi / I am from Delhi.

By these two ways you can tell that where do you live.

इन 2 तरीकों से आप बता सकते हैं कि आप कहां रहते हैं।

One important thing is supposed that you are from Delhi and your school is in Delhi or your interview is going on in Delhi. Then you want to say that you are also from Delhi. In that case you use a word 'itself' for example-

एक महत्वपूर्ण बात मान लीजिए आप दिल्ली से ही हैं और आपका स्कूल भी दिल्ली में ही है या आपका इंटरव्यू दिल्ली में ही चल रहा है। तब आप यह कहना चाह रहे हैं कि आप भी दिल्ली के ही हैं। उस केस में आपको एक शब्द 'itself' लगाना होगा। उदाहरण के तौर पर-

I belong to Delhi itself / I am from Delhi itself

4.  Family One sentence you may remember when you tell about your family.

   अपने परिवार के बारे में बताने के लिए एक वाक्य आप रट सकते हैं।

In my family, apart from my parents, I have _____

Suppose that you have an elder brother and a younger sister in your family, then you will say -

मान लीजिए आपके परिवार में एक बड़ा भाई और एक छोटी बहन है तो आप इस तरह बोलेंगे -

In my family, apart from my parents, I have an elder brother and a younger sister.

If you have your grandmother apart from your father and mother in your family so you have to add 'and grandmother' after 'apart from my parents'

अगर आपके परिवार में माता-पिता के अलावा दादी जी भी हैं तो आपको 'apart from my parents'  के बाद 'and grandmother' जोड़ना है।

"In my family apart from my parents and grandmother I have an elder brother and younger sister".

5.  Qualification When you say about your qualification and if you are in class 6 then you will say -

    जब आप अपनी क्वालिफिकेशन के बारे में बताते हैं और अगर आप कक्षा 6 में है तो आप कहेंगे -

    'I am in class 6'

One thing you have to keep in your mind that you don't have to say '6th' you have to say '6'.

यहां पर आपको ध्यान रखना है कि आपको '6th' नहीं कहना है आपको कहना है  '6'

Or you can say -

या आप कह सकते हैं -

'I am in 6th standard'.

If you have done graduation or post graduation you can say -

अगर आपने ग्रेजुएशन यह पोस्ट ग्रेजुएशन कर लिया है तो आप कहेंगे -

'I am a graduate / post graduate.

Suppose that you have done B.Tech in electronics then you will say -

मान लीजिए आपने इलेक्ट्रॉनिक से बीटेक किया है तो आप कहेंगे -

'I am B.Tech in Electronics'

If you are attending any higher education after class 12th then you will say a word- Persue.

अगर आप कक्षा 12 के बाद उच्च शिक्षा प्राप्त कर रहे हैं तो आप उसे 'Persue' करना कहेंगे।

'I am pursuing Graduation'.

'I am pursuing B.Tech'.

मान लीजिए आप B.A. सेकंड ईयर में है तो आप कहेंगे -

'I am in B.A. 2nd year'

6.  Additional Qualification / Skills 

     Additional means in addition to. Suppose that you have done basic computer course for 6 months then you can say -

    एडिशनल का मतलब अतिरिक्त होता है। मान लीजिए आपने 6 महीने का बेसिक कंप्यूटर कोर्स किया है तो आप कह सकते हैं -

'I have done 6 months' basic computer course'.

If you want to say the name of institute and the year then you can say -

अगर आप इसमें इंस्टिट्यूट का नाम और साल बताना चाहें तो आप कह सकते हैं-

I have done 6 months' course / diploma on <course name> from <institute> in <year>.

If you are are a student then while giving introduction there is no need to tell qualification, additional qualification and experience.

अगर आप छात्र हैं तो आपको qualification, additional qualification और experience बताने की जरूरत नहीं है।

7.  Experience When we go for interview and talk about experience then we can say one of these three sentences.

जब हम इंटरव्यू देने जाते हैं और experience की बात करते हैं तो इन 3 sentences में से एक sentence बोल सकते हैं -

1.  Suppose that you are recently passed out from any professional course from a University and you don't have any experience of any work, then you will say -

मान लीजिए आप ने यूनिवर्सिटी के किसी प्रोफेशनल कोर्स को पूरा किया है और आपके पास काम करने का कोई भी experience नहीं है तो आप कहेंगे -

'I am a fresher'.

2.   Suppose you have gained 2 years experience then you will say -

       मान लीजिए आपको 2 साल का एक्सपीरियंस हो जाता है तो आप कहेंगे -

'I have 2 years experience in < work name >'.

Suppose you are a web developer. Then you will say -

मान लीजिए आप वेब डेवलपर का काम करते हैं तो आप कहेंगे -

'I have 2 years experience in web development'.

3.   If you are doing job in any company or you have done job in any company then you will say -

      अगर आप किसी कंपनी में काम कर रहे हैं या कर चुके हैं तो इस तरह से बोलेंगे -

'I have 2 years' experience, working with / in <company's name> as a / an <position>.

8.   Hobby 1. My hobby is listening to music.

       Here you need to remember that listen is a perticular verb which uses 'to' after it.

      यहां ध्यान देने की जरूरत है कि लिसन एक ऐसा वर्ग है जिसके बाद 'to' का प्रयोग करते हैं।

   2.   My hobby is reading books.

   3.   My hobby is dancing.

In place of 'my hobby is' you can say 'I love'

'my hobby is' की जगह आप कह सकते हैं 'I love'.

I love listening to music.

I love reading books.

I love dancing.

Suppose you have two hobbies then you can say

मान लीजिए आपकी 220 हैं तो आप कह सकते हैं -

My hobbies are listening to music and reading books.

I love listening to music and reading books.

9.  End That's all about me. Thank you.

The Articles

 THE ARTICLES 

1. The Adjectives a or an and the are called the Articles. In reality they are Demonstrative Adjectives. They are used to point out one person, place or thing. 

2. The is the Definite Article. It points out one definite or particular person, place or thing. 

I sold the car' refers to the sale of one particular car.

 'The palace is the home of the queen' refers to only one particular building and to only one particular queen. Usually the specifies a noun as the particular one mentioned in a previous sentence or as a particular one that can be known from common knowledge. 

For example: 

(a) I saw a boy on the road. The boy was wearing a red robe. 

(b) I threw the book on the floor of the room.

Names of young ones of animals and birds

        Animal.                   Young one

1.    Ass                             Foal

2.    Bear                            Cub

3.    Cat                              kitten

4.    Cow                             Calf

5.    Deer                             Fawn

6.    Dog                              Puppy

7.    Duck                             Duckling

8.    Eagle                            Eaglet

9.    Elephant                       Calf

10.  Frog                              Tadpole

11.  Goat                             Kid

12.  Goose                           Gosling

13.  Hare                              Leveret

14.  Hen                                Chicken

15.  Horse                             Colt, Filly

16.  Kangaroo                      Joey

17.  Lion                                Cub

18.  Pig                                  Piglet

19.  Sheep                             Lamb

20.  Stag                               Fawn

21.  Swan                              Signet

22.  Snake                             Tadpole

THE INFINITIVES AND ITS USES

Observe the following two sets of sentences:

                    A                                                 B

1. They read the Geeta.        1. They like to read the Geeta.

2. He reads the Geeta.          2. He likes reading the Geeta.

3. I am reading the Geeta.    3. Reading the Geeta 

                                                    I tried to explain it.

4. Ram is reading the Geeta 4. Ram is a widely 

                                                       read man.

In Group A, each verb has its subject. The form of the verb depends on its subject. Thus each verb is limited by the number and person of the subject. Read is limited by they; reads by he; am reading by I; is reading by Ram.

Definition: a verb which is limited by the number and person of its subject is called a Finite Verb.

In Group B, the words to read, reading and read are derived from the verb 'read', so they have some features of the verb, but they do not have any subject.

Since they have no subjects, they are not limited by the number and person of the subjects, nor they need to change their forms. Such words are called Non-Finites.

Definition: A Non-Finite Verb is that which is derived from a verb but has no subject, and, therefore, is not limited by the number and person of any noun or pronoun.

There are three kinds of non infinites: Infinitive, Gerund and Participles (Present and Past).

As in group B, to read in sentence 1 is Infinitive, reading in sentence 2 is Gerund, reading in sentence 3 is Present Participle and read in sentence 4 is Past Participle.

Disease and Decease

Disease

Meaning- illness

Beware of infectious diseases in the rainy season.

Decease

Meaning- death

The deceased had not written any will.

Advise and Advice

Advise

Verb- to give counsel

सलाह देना

He advised me to leave the bad company.

Advice

Noun- the counsel

सलाह

We should pay heed to the advice of our elders.

Access and Excess

Access

Meaning- approach

He had an easy access to a Minister.

Excess

Meaning - more than enough

Excess of everything is bad.

The Lost Child (Moment) Question & Answers

Question and Answers of the Chapter the Lost Child

Q1. What are the things the child sees on his way to the fair? Why does he lag behind?

A. On his way to the fair, the child sees the following things-

1. He saw toys that were displayed in the shops lined up on the way.

2. He saw the vast mustard field which seemed like melting gold.

3. There were brightly coloured dragonflies, butterflies and black bees which flapped their wings and sat on the flowers to suck nectar from them.

4. He also saw  little insects and worms along the footpath that were crawling out of the holes in the footpath to get sunshine.

5. The child saw a dove bird in the grove.

6. Also, he saw hordes of people walking towards the fair.

The child often lagged behind because he would watch the different happenings around him. He would get attracted to these things and would stop in his way. Then, his parents would walk ahead and he would be left behind.

Q2. In the fair he wants many things. What are they? Why does he move on without waiting for an answer?

A. In the fair, the boy wanted the following things-

1. He wanted to buy a burfi from the sweetmeat seller.

2. He wanted a garland of flowers from the flower seller.

3. Next, he saw a balloon seller and wanted a balloon.

4. When he saw the snake - charmer he was attracted to the music of the flute and wanted to listen to it.

5. He wanted to take a ride on the roundabout swing.

The child moved ahead from all the stalls without waiting for a reply because he knew that his parents would not heed to his demands. He knew their replies in each case would be as follows -

1. For the burfi, they would say that he was a greedy child.

2. The garland of flowers would not be bought because it was considered cheap.

3. They would not buy him a balloon because he was grown up to play with it.

4. The child’s parents had warned him from listening to such unpleasant music as was played by the snake - charmers.

Q3. When does he realise that he has lost his way? How have his anxiety and insecurity been described?

A. When the child raised his demand for a ride on the round about, his parents did not reply. He moved his head up to look for them. It was then that he discovered that he had lost his way. His anxiety and insecurity have been described in the following ways-

1. The child saw hefty men with murderous eyes and got scared of them.

2. He ran here and there looking for his parents.

3. His turban untied.

4. His clothes became dirty.

5. He was screaming at the top of his voice.

Q4. Why does the lost child lose interest in the things that he had wanted earlier?
A. The lost child loses interest in the things that he wanted earlier because now he is sad as he has lost his parents. Before getting anything of his choice like sweets, flowers, balloons, joy rides and music, he wants to reunite with his mother and father.

Q5. What do you think happens in the end? Does the child find his parents?
A. The ending of the story is not given. I think that in the end, the boy finds his parents standing at the fair reception. Thus, the child finds his parents and they reunite once again.

The Fun They Had answers

Thinking about the text (page10)
I.  Answer these questions in a few words or a couple of sentences each.
Question 1.
How old are Margie and Tommy?
Answer:
Maregi is 11 and Tommy is 13 years old.

Question 2.
What did margie write in her diary?
Answer:
Margie wrote in her diary. "Today, 17 May, 2157, Tommy found a real book."

Question 3.
Had margie ever seen a book before?
Answer:
No, Margie had never seen a book before.

Question 4.
What things about the book did she find strange?
Answer:
The books had yellow and wrinkled pages. The words of the book were still. They did not move as the words move on the computer screen. She found these things strange.

Question 5.
What do you think a telebook is?
Answer:
A telebook is displayed on the television screen and the text of a telebook is similar to a book.

Question 6.
Where was Margie's school? Did she have any classmates?
Answer:
Margie's School was near her own bedroom. She did not have any classmate.

Question 7.
What subjects did Margie and Tommy learn?
Answer:
Margie learnt Geography and Mathematics. Tommy learnt History and Mathematics.

II.  Answer the following with reference to the story.

Question 1.
"I wouldn't throw it away."
      1.  Who says these words?
      2.  What does 'it' refer to?
      3.  What is it being compared with by the speaker?

Answer:
      1.  Margie says these words.
      2.  It refers to that real book that Tommy found.
      3.  The speaker compares it with a telebook.

Question 2.
"Sure, they had a teacher, but it wasn't a regular teacher. It was a man."

      1.  Who does 'they' refer to?
      2.  What does regular mean here?
      3.  What is it contrasted with?

Answer:
      1.  'They' refer to the people of the old times.
      2.  Here, regular refers to the mechanical teacher than they had.
      3.  It is contrasted with a normal teacher of earlier times, who was a living human being.

III.  Answer each of these questions in a short paragraph (about 30 words).

Question 1.
What kind of teachers did Margie and Tommy have?
Answer:
Margie and Tommy had mechanical teachers. They were taught on computers and television screens. They didn't have a living person as a teacher who would teach the pupils in a classroom.

Question 2.
Why did Margie's mother sent for the County Inspector?
Answer:
Margie's mother sent for the County Inspector because the mechanical teacher was not functioning efficiently. It had been giving her test after test in geography and she had been doing worse and worse.

Question 3.
What did he do?
Answer:
He slowed down the mechanical teacher's speed upto an average 10 year level. The mechanical teacher's speed was controlled and adjusted according to the IQ level of Margie.

Question 4.
Why was Margie doing badly in geography? What did the County Inspector do to help her?
Answer:
Margie had been doing badly in geography. This was because the mechanical teacher was very fast in displaying the questionnaire. The County Inspector adjusted its speed upto an average 10 year level. Thus, the mechanical teacher's speed was controlled approximately. The County Inspector assured that the overall pattern of Margie's progress was quite satisfactory.

Question 5.
What had once happened to Tommy's teacher?
Answer:
Tommy's teacher was taken away for nearly a month because the history sector hand blanked out completely. So, Tommy had nothing to do during that period. You only relaxed and enjoyed.

Question 6.
Did Margie have regular days and hours for school? If so why?
Answer:
Yes, Margie had regular days and hours for school because her mother said little girls learned better if they learnt at regular hours.

Question 7.
How does Tommy describe the old kind of school?
Answer:
Tommy says that the old schools were different. They had a special building and all the kids went there to study. They laughed and shouted in the schoolyard. They enjoyed time together and learned lessons together in a classroom.

Question 8.
How does he describe the old kind of teachers?
Answer:
He says that the old teachers did not live in the house. They had a special building and all the kids went there. They gave homework to students. They were not mechanical teachers, but living human beings.

IV.   Answer each of these questions in two or three paragraphs. (100-150 words).

Question 1.
What are the main features of the mechanical teachers and the schoolrooms that Margie and Tommy have in the story?
Answer:
Margie and Tommy have mechanical teachers. They need not go to school for getting a formal education. The mechanical teacher is placed in one of the rooms of the house and they can get the knowledge of various subjects of individually from the mechanical teacher. They don't have such classrooms where students sit together. They study from the telebooks. So they don't require books and exercise books. The examination system is very different. They do homework in a different way. Margie has to write them out of a punch code. She learnt it when she was 6 years old. So the system of their education is technologically advanced and not based on printed books.

Question 2.
Why did Margie hate school? Why did she think the old kind of school must have been fun?
Answer:
Margie hated her school because she had a mechanical teacher. It was in her house. She was supposed to sit in that room alone to complete her hometask or assignments. The part Margie hated most was the slot where she had to put homework and test papers. She thought that the old schools must have been fun because the students used to sit together in the classroom. They enjoyed laughed and shouted in the schoolyard. Children needed company to enhance their skills. If they are isolated, they get depressed and dejected.

Question 3.
Do you agree with Margie that schools today are more fun than the school in the story? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
There is no doubt that today's schools are more funny than the future School discussed in the story. This school has nothing but a mechanical teacher with no emotions and sentiments. It does not have the ability to understand the psychology of a child. Moreover, it guides a pupil according to its adjusted modes. But today's schools work for the overall development of a child. They learn the same thing. The teachers are real human beings. They learn how to adapt themselves to the new surroundings and cope with the strangers. The students sit and learn together. These activities don't give vent to the feeling of depression, alienation and segregation.

Use of Must and Ought (to)

MUST AND OUGHT (TO)
1.  Must is used to express duty, obligation,
     necessity, etc.; as,
          We are very late, so we must hurry.
          (Necessity)
          You must obey the law. (Duty)
          We must do some social work.
          (obligation)
2.  Ought (to) is used
     i)  to express moral obligation or duty: We
         ought to love our neighbours.
     ii) to express desirability: We ought to work
          hard to pass the examination.
    iii) to express strong probability: With so
          much of practice we ought to win the
          match.
Note: The idea of obligation can be expressed
           with 'should' or 'must' also, but 'ought' is
           used when a feeling of moral duty is
           involved.

Use of Could and Might

1.  Could and might are used as past tense of can
     and may; as,
          He said to me that I might/ could go.
          (Permission) permission
          I could swim across the river when I was
          young. (Ability)
          We thought he might come. (possibility)
2.  In modern usage could and might are used as
     less positive version of can and may; as,
          Might/ could I borrow your scooter? (Less
          positive but more polite than 'May/ Can I
          borrow?')

Use of Can and Could

Can and could
1.  Can is used to express the ability or capacity to do something; as,
      He can (= has the capacity to) cross the river.
      I can (= am able to) drive a car.
2.  Can or may is used to seek or grant
      permission,  can in an informal manner but
      may in a more formal and polite manner; as,
      Can I go? (quite casual and informal)
      yes, you can go home now.
      May I leave now? (more polite and formal).
      You may go home after finishing the work.
USAGE: Earlier it was uncommon to use 'can' to
               give or seek permission. Now can is
               common instead of may for asking or
               giving permission, so that children say
               'Can I come in?' or 'Can I leave the
               table?'
3.  Can or may is used to express a possibility;
     can shows a theoretical possibility but may
     shows a factual and positive possibility; as,
            Anyone can make a mistake.
            My uncle can visit us any day.
            The sky is overcast with clouds. It may
            rain.
            I am feeling well today. I may go to my
            office.
4.  May is used to express a personal wish; as,
            May you live long! May God bless you!

Use of should and would

1.  Should and would are used as past tense of
     shall and will; as,
     I said that I would go. (Indirect of I said, "I will
     go")
     I promised that you should have a reward.
2.  Should is used
     i)  to express duty or obligation:
          We should obey our parents.
          You should keep your promise.
     ii) to express a supposition in a conditional
          clause:
          If he should come, ask him to wait.
          If it should rain, we shall cancel the party.
     Note: Should is as less forceful than must.
3.  Would is used to express a polite request in a
     question form:
     Would you lend me your book?
     Would you mind coming with me?
     Note: 'Would you' is more polite than 'will
                 you' though both imply the same thing.

Use of Shall Will

Shall and Will

1.  Shall is used for the first person and will for the second and third persons to express Future time; but will is used for the first person and shall for the second and third persons to show special determination; as,

    I shall come to you tomorrow. (Future)

    He will leave for Shimla this evening. (Future)

    I will come. (=I am determined to come and

                              nothing will change my plan.)

    He shall go. (= He is determined to go and

                              nothing will stop him to do so.)

Usage: In modern usage, all these distinctions have been fading. I, II  and III persons all use the auxiliary 'will' and 'would' in the Future Tense. Thus shall and should are dropping out of use in some positions.

2.   Shall is is used for all the three persons to express a command, a promise, or a threat;

 as,

          I say you shall not go. (Order or

                                                     command) 

          I promise I shall give you a reward.  

                                                    (Promise) 

          He shall be punished if he doesn't do it. 

                                                    (Threat)

3.    Shall is used in questions asked by one in

       the I person to know what the person

       addressed wills, wishes, suggests or

       thinks; as,

              Shall I call a doctor? (Do you wish me

                                                      to call a doctor?)

              Which pen shall I buy? (What is your

                                                             suggestion?)

4.    Will is used in the II person in the form of

       a question to invite or to request politely;

       as,

              Will you have tea? (inviting)

              Will you please type this letter?

                                                    (requesting)

5.    Will is used in the I person to express

        will, violition, promise, determination,

        willingness; etc., as,

               I will (=am willing to) do it for you.

               I will (=am determined to) win the

                          match.

               I will not (= promise not to) do it

                          again.

  

Tenses सीखने का सबसे सरल तरीका

Easiest way to learn Tenses

The Verb: Tenses
Tenses and their forms

Read the following sentences:
1. I write this letter.
2. I wrote the letter.
3. I shall write a letter.

In sentence 1, the verb right refers to the present time. The verb that refers to the present time is said to be in the Present Tense.

In sentence 2, the verb wrote refers to the past time post of the verb that refers to the past time is said to be in the Past Tense.

In sentence 3, the verb shall right refers to the future time. The word that refers to the future time is said to be in the future tense.

Tense means time- Present, Past and Future time.
Thus there are three main tenses the Present, the Past, the Future.
Each tense has four forms Simple, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous as shown below:
Present Simple: I write.
Past Simple: I wrote.
Future Simple: I shall write.
Present Continuous: I am writing.
Past Continuous: I was writing.
Future Continuous: I shall be writing.
Present Perfect: I have written.
Past Perfect: I had written.
Future Perfect: I shall have written.
Present Perfect Continuous: I have been writing.
Past Perfect Continuous: I had been writing. Future Perfect Continuous: I shall have been writing.